Why The United States Needs Political Parties - 3191 Words

Rory Monahan Mr. Hubert AP Language and Composition February 23rd, 2015 Why the United States Needs to Add More Political Parties American politics have been divided for years by two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. These two parties are the two major parties in America and they are the ones that run the American government and decide what is best for the citizens of the United States. On the surface it seems like a great idea to have two parties that each have different views and can represent both sides of an issue, but is that really the case. No it s not. The truth is that a two party political system just can t work. The Democrat Republican fight has consumed American politics. The two sides just can t get along and it has affected America s economy and power in world politics. In order for America to become the dominant world power again and strengthen its economy further, it should implement a three party or multi-party political system to relieve the deadlock in Congress between the Democrats and the Republicans, while at the same time allowing more and productive ideas to be implemented by Congress thus reviving the American economy and making America a great world power once again. Lets begin by looking how political parties were formed in America and gained so much power in American politics. Political parties were formed at the beginning of the young nation (Library of Congress). While Political parties weren t officially formedShow MoreRelatedThe Causes And Cons Of The United States Congress?711 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States Congress has been on a downward spiral in the past decade, in 2009 their approval rating was at 37% compared to a mere 13% as of this week. This begs the question of whether our electoral laws for Congress are truly working in our current political climate. The house of representatives currently divided at 240 Republicans to 194 Democrats and 1 independent. This clear divide has been seen in the inability to pass legislation and the clear lack of partisanship within the house. Read MorePolitics And The United States Government1578 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of political parties such as Democrats and Republicans, most of our country will readily agree that they continue to dominate the United States Government. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of which political party suits the country best. Throughout the media, internet, and the general public, there are constant debates on which party should be in control of the U.S. There is no actual answer to that question. Politics have a huge grip on theRead MorePluralism And The Federalist Papers993 Words   |  4 PagesJames Madison has had such an incredible impact on U.S. politics, and to kick this final paper off, why not give a brief summary about James Madison’s work? First of all, James Madison was the fourth president of the United States. He helped out with the Continental Congress and was part of the Constitutional Convention where he presented his â€Å"Virginia Plan† (â€Å"James Madison†). But after all of that, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton teamed up and wrote The Federalist Papers. So, what are The FederalistRead MoreAp Government Budget Paper895 Words   |  4 PagesFound in Section 1, Article 8 of the United States Constitution, it would give Congress the â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes† with the purpose of â€Å"pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States†. With many previous administrations either raising or reducing taxes, this budget would have the dual effect of creating tax cuts as well as increasing the federal deficit. This is significant because it shows how the United States have changed from a nation intent onRead MoreThe United States Government Political Behavior939 Words   |  4 Pages What is the United States Government political behavior? In the United States there are two major government parties. The Republican and the Democratic parties. Both parties started with the right to ratify the constitution. The parties both started as the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists. The Democrats which were led by Thomas Jefferson were known as the Democratic Republicans. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, In the history of the Presidential ElectionsRead MoreThe Party System, Republican Vs. Federalist1712 Words   |  7 PagesExam Part 2 _QC There are several reasons why the two party system, Republican vs. Federalist, worked so well in the 1790’s. First, when the political parties emerged in the 1790’s it was evident that their ideologies were vastly different. The Republican Party wanted a representative form of government that functioned â€Å"in the interest of the people.† This party, led by Thomas Jefferson, supported a limited central government, with individual states retaining a majority of the control. Jefferson’sRead MoreWomen in Government1287 Words   |  6 Pagesopinion as to why I should have a cell phone while attending high school. But as I looked around and became more involved in school and community, it wasn’t a joke anymore. Women in the United States are not involved enough in politics and government. Women are underrepresented in political offices at the national and local levels. Currently, only 17 women serve in the United States Senate out of 100 seats and only 16 percent of the United States House of Representatives are female. Why is this aRead MoreEconomic Development And Development Of Welfare1640 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing the origins of welfare states it is easy to make an assumption that the development of welfare states was in direct response to social needs brought by industrialization and economic development. In fact the early scholarship in social policy did not question the causational effect between economic development and development of welfare states. Understanding that economic development alone cannot sufficiently explain why some countries developed into full welfare states while others did not prevailRead MoreThe Best Choice For The Nominee Of The Republican Party1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe best choice for the nominee of the Republican party for 2016 is Dr. Ben Carson. He is a master of communication. He is the only candidate that can make the United States of America united again. He is a regular citizen rather than a politician. He is the perfect example of what it means to live the American Dream. Dr. Carson is a highly intelligent and accomplished physician who is seen as a breath of fresh air in this world that is full of politics. Lastly, because he is the only nominee thatRead MorePolitical Parties, Politics, And Public Policy1542 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Midterm Essay Questions Essay #1: Political Parties in America favor electoral victories over achieving policy outcomes because of the way our parties are structured. As noted in the readings from, â€Å"Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America† by Marc Hetherington and Bruce Larson, American political parties are largely fragmented. The reading describes how our main parties, the Democrats and Republicans, are fragmented across various sub-groups, states, and ideologies. As stated in the Hetherington

The Watergate Scandal Of President Nixon - 1317 Words

Alan Pilgreen 1. In order to accurately depict the Watergate scandal we will need to look into the history if the elements that made this event possible. In November of 1968 President Nixon was elected as president, he server from January 1969 to August 1974. President Nixon was a former Vice President to President Eisenhower from January 1953 to January 1961. In June of 1971 the New York Time began publishing documents that would be known as the Pentagon Papers. The Pentagon Papers documented the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. This published the questionable tactics and methods used by the U.S. along with many U.S. secrets to the general public. This was a great blow to the U.S. strategically and was considered to be detrimental to national security, however courts ruled that it would be unconstitutional to stop the publication of the documents. President Nixon needed to find a way to stop such leaks and a special investigative unit was created. This unit was nicknamed the Plumbers after Davi d Young’s (a member of the special investigative unit) grandmother asked what he did in the Whitehouse. Young replied that he was, â€Å"†¦helping the president stop some leaks.† and his grandmother replied, â€Å"Oh, you’re a plumber!† The name stuck and henceforth the special investigative unit was known as the Plumbers. The first task the Plumbers set out to do was to discredit Daniel Ellsberg, the person who had leaked the Pentagon Papers. In order to do this they set their sights onShow MoreRelatedPresident Nixon And The Watergate Scandal1641 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Nixon not only abused his powers as president of the United States, but he also completely disregarded the Constitution and the oath of office of the President of the United States. President Nixon is most famous for his involvement in the infamous Watergate scandal, which took place on June 17th, 1972 (Timeline). Nixon hired six burglars to break into the Democratic National Committee’s offices, which were located inside the Watergate office, complex in Washington. The burglars’ missionRead MorePresident Nixon And The Watergate Scandal1754 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Nixon and the Watergate Scandal Table of Contents Introduction †¦.. 2 Thesis Statement †¦.. 2 Who was involved in the Watergate Scandal †¦.. 3 - 4 What actually happened †¦.. 5 – 7 The events leading up to President Nixon’s impeachment †¦.. 7 – 8 The impeachment that almost occurred †¦.. 8 Conclusion †¦.. 8 What was the Watergate scandal? The Watergate scandal was where five men broke into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) at the Watergate complex in WashingtonRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Of President Nixon1255 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Nixon was 37th President of United States from 1969 until 1974. He won second term as president in 1972 defeating George McGovern. Also, President Nixon is remembered as the first President to resign from Office after the 70s Watergate Scandal. His achievement includes forging diplomatic ties with China and Soviet Union and also withdrawing troops from war in Vietnam. But his involvement in Watergate ruined his term as President and resigned in 1974 rather than facing impeachment. UnitedRead MoreEssay on Watergate Scandal and President Nixon778 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is Nixon. President Richard Nixon was one of the most famous presidents in the United States. He was mainly renowned for his huge role in the Watergate scandal. The Watergate scandal was important because Nixon and his cabinet arranged to get people to spy on the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate building. After it became clear Nixon was responsible, he manages to resign before he was going to be impeached. President Nixon was involved with the Watergate scandal and should beRead MorePresident Nixon s The Watergate Scandal1777 Words   |  8 Pages When placed in the overall context of President Nixon’s administration, the Watergate Scandal is perhaps less surprising due to the attitudes and actions that were present throughout his time as president. Throughout his presidency, Nixon the press as an enemy of his administration and he sought to keep many of his acti ons a secret from the American people. He strongly detested leaks from his administration as he felt that an exposure of his actions to the general public would hurt him. In orderRead MorePresident Nixon s Involvement On The Watergate Scandal Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesinnocence, President Nixon started creating distance between himself and those of senior authority within his administration who could be directly linked to the Watergate scandal. At this time, many of President Nixon’s aides were either being prosecuted for obstruction of justice, burglary, wiretapping, etc, or they were resigning their positions within the administration due to the overwhelming evidence that was appearing against them in relation to their criminal activities. Many of President Nixon’sRead More The Watergate Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Watergate Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon The Watergate Scandal and crisis that rocked the United States began on the early morning of June 17, 1972 with a small-scale burglary and it ended August 9, 1974 with the resignation of Republican President Richard Milhous Nixon. At approximately 2:30 in the morning of June 17, 1972, five burglars were discovered inside the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington DC. The burglars,Read MoreWatergate740 Words   |  3 PagesWatergate Lucia San Nicolas HIS/145 October 19, 2011 Marciano Flores Watergate The Watergate scandal shocked millions of Americans when it was revealed in 1972. The president at that time was Richard M. Nixon, who himself was involved within the scandal. The Watergate scandal took place in 1972 when a group of five men broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington. The five men involved in this burglary were eventuallyRead MoreWatergate Scandal790 Words   |  4 PagesIt was suggested that the President had tried to repair the damages that were caused the Watergate scandal in the first article. From a speech President Nixon had given, it showed that there were a lot things that still needed to be done regarding the scandal. The article stated that the officials under the Watergate scandal were cheating, lying and engaging in illegal activities while in high positions of the government. The people believed that the president did not stand up to the crisis andRead MoreEssay on All the Presidents Men - The Watergate Scandal822 Words   |  4 PagesThe book discussed what happened to President Nixon in the Watergate Scandal from Bernstein and Woodwards point of view. The Watergate Scandal was a significant part of presidential history. This even would result in Nixons resignation and what would have been his guaranteed impeachment. The Watergate Scandal took an impact on politics as a whole. Politicians are known as liars and people who keep secrets from the public. The Watergate Scandal is something Nixon can never make up for, but will always

Measure Free Essays

At the end of Measure for Measure the Duke has apparently caused a good deal of chaos, including the near execution of a man whose only crime is having sex with his lover, all for no apparent reason. At the beginning of the play he hands over power to Angelo, even though Angelo says that he is not ready for it. The Duke then goes into disguise as the Friar and essentially plays games with people’s lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is thus not surprising that the people might want to overthrow him. The first argument that would be used, and perhaps the most powerful, would be that the Duke is the Duke. The idea that a person had a divine right to power through the â€Å"divine right of Kings† was powerful at this time. The Duke might have done some bad things – I would seem a fool if I didn’t admit this – but he made everything right in the end, and anyway, God has chosen him as Duke through birth. For better or worse he is the Duke, and the people should think twice before replacing him. First, if you get rid of leadership through birth, what system will replace it? Second, what likely candidates are there for being Duke instead of him? The most likely, at least as far as birth and position is, ironically, Angelo. The rebels should be asked the question of whether they would prefer the present Duke or Angelo as their leader. I think the answer is quite easy to predict.   This is based upon the quite practical, better the devil you know than the devil you don’t argument. This should appeal to the practical kind of people who would probably be wanting to remove the Duke at the end of the play. Another argument would be to suggest that the Duke was showing how a real leader should act through putting a man who would be tempted by power in charge. Thus a real leader, such as the Duke himself, knows that the laws are written by men and are thus fallible. He becomes the Duke of â€Å"dark corners† to show that at times a leader must bend with the wind rather than applying the law absolutely. This argument suggests that the Duke knew that Angelo would turn out to be a bad leader, and let him carry on with it, even when people’s lives were at stake.   This showed the people that the Duke had their best interests at heart through showing them just how bad a leader Angelo would be, or someone like him, if the Duke was removed or died without an heir. Another argument is the fact that despite obviously quite enjoying the kind of chaos and risk which ensued when he gave up power, the Duke never showed any sign of indulging this when he was acting as Duke. He thus did not succumb to the temptation of absolute power as Angelo did. This will be argument for the fact that the Duke, probably coming from a whole line of similarly powerful people, as the blood and temperament to control the city, even though his imagination might lead elsewhere. The people might also be persuaded by the fact that at the end of the play everything is actually excellently resolved. The right people are marrying the right people, others have been pardoned when they deserve it and even, as in the case of Barnadine, when they don’t. Even the Duke has rescued Isabella from what is regarded as a terrible life in the convent and will marry her. This ensures that the Duke will soon have an heir to take over form him, and the succession of Dukes will be preserved. This being the case, why not forget the past rather than trying to bring about retribution for the Duke’s misdeeds. Trying to remove the Duke might also cause a miniature civil war. It is unlikely that he or his supporters will go quietly. Also, the Dukes of neighboring cities might come to the Duke’s rescue because they fear the precedent of removing a Duke when the people don’t like him could spread to their cities. Or they may come to the â€Å"rescue† of the city through invading it while there is a power vacuum. That way the people would lose their Duke and their city. So I would appear to several different arguments in order to save the Duke from the planned rebellion. First, he is the Duke and has the divine right to be so because he has been chosen by God. Secondly, what he did was actually a favor to everyone because it removed someone (Angelo) from contention of ever becoming Duke who appeared to be good material but actually turned out to be a total disaster. Third, the Duke showed that he understands the dark side of human nature, and even has his fair share of it himself, but ahs been able up to this time to keep it in check. He has been a just Duke up until this point – that is why Angelo’s strict and eventually hypocritical decisions seem so harsh. Fourth, the Duke has shown just how difficult it is to be a Duke, and the people should think twice about replacing him because of the uncertainty of what will follow. Fifth, the Duke restores peace and harmony at the end of the play, and he is even getting married himself so he can now have an heir in waiting. Sixth, if they try to remove him a war will almost certainly occur, and the whole city may be lost. To conclude, perhaps the best argument, if Shakespeare’s plays exist in this imaginary world of â€Å"after the play ends† will be the title of one of his other dark comedies: â€Å"all’s well that ends well†. Of course the question left by this play is â€Å"well is it?†, and the citizens are perhaps right to ask whether a man who could everything the Duke has done should continue in power. Bu the alternatives are too uncertain, too bloody and too chaotic to imply that the Duke should be replaced. In the final part of the argument I would make clear that all those who were presently planning to remove the Duke will receive a full and absolute pardon.   They might continue with the rebellion just because they are afraid of what would happen if they don’t, and yet have revealed themselves as potential rebels.   However, I would mark down the names of all those involved carefully and watch them on behalf of the Duke in the future. . . . How to cite Measure, Essay examples

Since its earliest days nearly 150 years ago, base Essay Example For Students

Since its earliest days nearly 150 years ago, base Essay ball has captured the imagination of Americans. Tales of Babe Ruths towering blasts, TyCobbs daring on the base paths, Joe DiMaggios grace in the field, and Ted Williamss sweet batting stroke are passed down from generation to generations. The legend and lore of baseballs history give the sport a stature and majesty that other games in the United States lack. What I have to say is a part of baseball history that is seldom told. It is a story of great ballplayers who played in obscurity. Because of the color of their skin, these men were not allowed to play on the Yankees or the Dodgers or any other team in Major league baseball. The very existence of these great ballplayers was ignored by the great newspapers of their day. Although they perform some of the most remarkable feats baseball has ever known. There were so many outstanding players whose accomplishments, because they were achieved in the Negro Leagues, have been l! argely ignored. Their story is tied up with the history of t his nation. And because the Negro Leagues was part of history of this nation, the Leagues changed the way baseball was played and it also changed the Americans views on the black society. Baseball was first played in the 1840s in New Jersey and New York City. It does not seem likely that any one person invented the game. Many baseball historians think the game may have developed from an English childrens game called rounders, which uses a bat and ball, and was usually played by girls. It was during the Civil War years (1861-1865) that baseball began to spread rapidly across the nation. The war brought people from all over the United Stated into close contact. A baseball match between teams from the 165th New York Volunteer Infantry in Hilton Head was watched by some 40000 soldiers. The game was played in many military camps, and was introduced to new areas by soldiers returning home from the war. By the late 1860s, there were baseball teams all over the country, and the first professional teams were beginning to form. Although racial prejudice was strong in the early years of professional baseball, social codes were not as rigid as they would later become. In fact, during these early years, a number of African-American ballplayers managed to play alongside whites in some of the top professional leagues in the country. The first African-American to play Major League baseball was Moses Fleetwood Walker. After graduating from Oberlin College in Ohio, Walker played during 1884 for the Toledo team in the American Association, one of the two major leagues of the day. Walker, a player of only average talents, played professional baseball through 1890. Because of his race, he faced constant abuse from fans, teammates, and opponents. Only a few black players were given an opportunity to play in high-level professional leagues in the nineteenth century. Their best chance to show their talents playing alongside whites came in the late1880s. some of the best African-American player from baseballs early integrated days were Bud Fowler, who played for dozens of teams all across the United Stated. Pitcher George Stovey, who played for Jersey City in the Eastern League and later for Newark in the International League; and Frank Grant, most notably the star of the buffalo team in the International League. There were black baseball teams playing as early as the 1860s. The first black professional team of note was the Cuban Giants, formed in the 1880s and playing out of Trenton, New Jersey. The players where African-American, not Cuban. They may have chosen their name to make themselves seem foreign and exotic and escape some of the prejudice faced by blacks native to the United States. .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .postImageUrl , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:hover , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:visited , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:active { border:0!important; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:active , .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52633f91e59be206299bc907048732cf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism and Taoism EssayAmong the Cubans top players was Frank Grant, who had starred for Buffalo before being forced off the team. Another player was the infielder Sol White. One of the main reasons people know about this early chapter of baseball history at all is because White wrote about it in 1906 in his The History of Colored Baseball. In1887, the Cuban Giants played an exhibition game against the Detroit Tigers, winners of a World Series and considered baseballs world champions. The Giants led the game going into the eighth inning before eventually losing to the Tigers. Other excellent black players joined together to form their own teams. The best clubs were in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Although at the turn of the century most blacks still lived in the South, tens of thousands were heading north every year looking for better economic opportunities and hoping to escape the strict and pervasive racial oppression that still existed below the Mason-Dixon line. The most successful teams arose in cities with African-American communities who had the economic means to support them. By the end of the World War I, the top white semi-professional teams the American Giants played in the Chicago area were becoming less popular. In 1919, race riots broke out across the United States, with some of the worst in Chicago. The return of Fosters team to Chicago that year was delayed as National Guard troops camped out in the American Giants stadium. Rube Foster was a great pitcher, an innovative teacher and manager, a shrewd businessman, and a superb organizer. He is often referred to as the father of black baseball. The successful black teams in the region, with the encouragement of Foster, began to think about forming their own league. Foster wrote in his column for the Chicago Defender, one of the nations leading black newspapers, that a Negro League would help keep players salaries down by making it illegal for teams to steal each others best players. A league could also determine a championship team that might be able to challenge the Major League champion. On February 13th, 1920, owner of the top Midwest black clubs met at a YMCA in Kansas City. They agreed to establish an eight-team league make up of the American Giants, St. Louis Stars, Kansas City Monarchs, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Cuban Stars, a team most of the players actually were Cuban, Chicago Giants, and Dayton Marcos. The owners named it the Negro National League, and it marked the birth of the Negro Leagues. The following year two East Coast teams, the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants and Philadelphia Hilldale Athletics, were made associate members of the league. The two East coast clubs would occasionally play games against the other teams in the league, when scheduling and travel costs allowed. In 1926, organized black baseball suffered a serious blow when Rube Foster had a mental breakdown. Perhaps the stress and pressure of running a league and managing his team finally became too much. Foster began hallucinating. While in his apartment, he began imagining he saw fly balls along Madison Avenue. Foster also had a recurring vision that he was needed to pitch in a World Series games. Fosters wife finally had him committed to the state insane asylum at Kankakee, Illinois, and Dave Malarcher took over managing the Chicago American Giants. Foster sent the final four years of his life at Kankakee. He died on December 9, 1930. Under Fosters leadership, baseball had become the most popular game in the black community. At his funeral, more than 3,000 people stood for hours in pouring rain and snow. Among the impressive floral displays was a 200-pound arrangement of white chrysanthemums in the shape of baseballs, with red roses for the balls seams, donated by the National ! Negro Le ague owners. A long procession followed Fosters casket to Lincoln Cemetery. .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .postImageUrl , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:hover , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:visited , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:active { border:0!important; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:active , .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf721308769a77f55f96f2689d6c4112a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution and Legislation Argumentative Persuas EssayFoster had succeeded in establishing baseball as an institution in the African-American community. Although his league would suffer its demise during the Great depression, black organized baseball would be part of the American landscape until the Major Leagues where finally integrated.

Fbi Agent free essay sample

But that failed on May 27, 1 908 the Department of Justice didnt pass the law from engaging secret services operatives. General Bonaparte assigned a force of special agents to the Department of Justice that following month. In June 1910 the first major expansion was when the Mann white slave act was passed transporting women over state lines from immoral reasons was a crime. The number of special agents grew more than 300 over years. The lawless years were between 1921-1933, because of gangster, It was Illegal to sell or Import Intoxicating beverages because of public disregard for prohibition (FBI, 5).To be appointed as an FBI agent you must have an bachelors agree from an accredited college. Areas to study in are law, accounting, and computer science. Before being an FBI agent you must have three years of work experiences. Must meet up to the fitness and vision requirements. People over the age of thirty-seven will not get accepted by most agencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Fbi Agent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Must have no criminal records. While applying for an agency expect to go throw rigorous writing, oral, and psychological testing. Sixteen to twenty-seven weeks of an federal law enforcement training, but only at selected academies in the U. S.Students that complete their training go through a probationary period (Career Cruising, 4). Recruits usually do a two-year probation period under the supervision of a training officer (Breezing 1, peg 53). As an FBI agent, you need to be able to take In information calmly and without showing Judgmental expresses. Must have good people skills and time management, because you never know when you might be needed (Career Cruising, 4). Each duty depends on their agency. Violations of federal law is what FBI agents usually investigate. FBI agents hours are usually irregular, but mostly works up to fifty hours a week.One big challenge is to think outside or the box for most of the situations. As an FBI agent you dont have busy times because an crime can happen at an time. FBI agents days are never the same. You can start working at twelve a. M. And not get done till eight p. M. That night, depending on the case or other times you can be done by four thirty. You meet up with your partners, discuss the investigation, make the arrest, collect information and evidence, then take the arson to court, If its an easy case, otherwise It could go on for a few days before finding the criminal (Career Cruising, 4).FBI agents can work anywhere In the U. S. Or aboard. They can work outdoors, Indoors, and In offices In many different locations (career cruising, 4). Most law enforcement justice systems are in the united States (Institute, 3). FBI agents earn up to 95,00 after a few years of the Job (Career Cruising, 4). The income also depends on the location and agency, they also can get availability pay (Career Cruising, 4). The benefits usually go through the Federal Employee Retirement System.Which includes, low cost insurances, paid federal holidays, and annual leave earned at the rate of thirteen days per year (Morgan 2, peg 43). Some attributes and abilities are honest, good Judgment, and good with people skill (Career Cruising, 4). They try to solve the oldest crimes, so that the world will come to peace. Each agency has there own rewards and benefits. Helping with troubled Juveniles make them choice better decisions, and not break the law in the future. They have the ability to make a different in crimes from happening, and helping peoples lives stay safe (Institute 3, peg 15).

The Nature of Terrorism essays

The Nature of Terrorism essays Terrorism has played a part in the evolution of the world as we know it. Throughout this time, terrorism has evolved with society. The root causes of terrorism have changed, although not too greatly. It is still used predominantly by smaller groups that cannot withstand head-to-head combat with a state sponsored military. It still is used to induce fear in its audience and in modern times the global media has played a major role in the degree of attention given to terrorist organizations and the amount of fear that is spread among citizens of all nations. Terrorism has grown from a regional problem to become an international problem. Due to the growth of technology and available transportation, the terrorist of today knows no boundaries. A terrorist in Chechnya can influence an audience in America via the internet. There are many different factors that affect terrorist organizations, this paper will describe these and the connections that they have with modern terrorism. As will be displayed, the nature of terrorism will continue to adapt and evolve into the next decade and The events of September 11, 2001 surprised most American citizens and horrified many. Never before in history had so many witnessed a terrorist event that caused such a scene of mass destruction and loss of life in such a short amount of time. These events were planned, organized, and carried out by a radical Muslim extremist organization named al Qaeda and led by a Saudi billionaire, Osama bin Laden. These events did not just appear out of nowhere; they were years in the making and demonstrated the depth of the organizational and operational skills of al Qaeda and its leadership. As reprehensible as these attacks were, they amount to another aspect of the evolution of terrorism. As Laqueur (2004) stated in 'The Terrorism to Come', "Terrorism has become over a number of years the topic of ceaseless comment, debate...

To Be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

To Be Determined - Essay Example She grew up within the ambit of various religious influences, but internally, Christ in the heart was more important to her, than cross on the neck! Even though it is not correct to say that the three religious figures she encountered in various stages of life, influenced her thought processes, the interaction of Mr. Brocklehurst, Helen Burns and St. John Rivers, helped her intellectual growth. But they failed to impact her deeply and crystallize her religious beliefs. They were offered to her as religious syllabus, which she rejected. She evolved her own ideas about faith and principle. She came to the conclusion, that which is not practical, can not be religious or spiritual either. Practical consequences of an idea were more important to her. Her different types of spiritual/religious inclinations could be observed right from her childhood. She observes, â€Å"Of these death-white realms I formed an idea of my own: like all the half-comprehended notions that float dim through children’s brains, but strangely impressive.†(Bronte, 1997, p.7) Religion! And what sins are committed in the name of religious practices! Is the hypocrite act of Mr. Brocklehurst subjecting his students to privations and humiliations in the name of purging their pride, a Christian Act? He instructs to trim the curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates to make it straight. These acts can be compared to the ragging practice among the modern college students, which all the right-thinking people condemn! He was not working for the glory of the Evangelical movement. On the other hand, Jane is disappointed with Helen Burn’s meek type of Christianity. The true surrender to God needs to be dynamic and not weak. Jane personally loves and admires Helen Burn but she will not adopt his passive type of Christianity. This is not the type of individual who can lead the Christian masses to the glory of true Kingdom of

Competencies for International HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competencies for International HR - Essay Example Referring to Stroh and Caligiuri (1998), one of the most critical factors for the success of a company is its management of the human assets. The most important issue for HR in global organisations to decide at present is to decide whether they should depend on convergence or divergence. Convergence refers to developing the same basic rules and regulations for all locations, and divergence refers to allowing diversity according to local requirements. As Amstrong (2006) points out, the decision to make a company centralised or decentralised is dependent on a number of factors. These factors are: the extent to which there are well-defined local norms, the degree to which a unit is embedded in the local environment, the flow of resources from parent company to the subsidiary, and the nature of the industry (ibid). Admittedly, one thing becomes evident from this description: HR has an important role to play in this situation. A study in Malcrum(Alexander et al , 2009) with the support of HSBC looked into the role of internal and external communication in the present day international HR. It is found that the purposes in enhancing internal communication for businesses are creating understanding of the company strategy and direction, supporting organisational change, keeping people informed of company news, building company pride, and helping people to live values (ibid). Thus, it becomes evident that the purposes all are linked to HR. The main purpose of internal communication is employee engagement. Then, the study looked into how this internal communication is linked to external communication. In the present day business world, companies undergo rigorous scrutiny from the part of media and governments. That means companies will have to ensure that they practice what they preach. As Alexander et al (2009) states, if a company makes a public statement, it should make sure that the employees are aware of the same, and vice versa. When this point is discussed, it beco mes necessary to point out how a lack of relationships with external media, governments and local communities can be destructive at times. An example is the crisis faced by Shell Oil in Nigeria. To illustrate, it was during 1990s that Shell Petroleum came under heavy fire from the part of international press and local media for alleged environmental pollution of the delta. Noted public figures like Saro-Wiwa raised their concern against the company, and mass agitation began in no time. The company realised that it had little chance for improving its image or to bounce back to its previous glory as it had not cared to keep relationships with international media or the local community. In order to improve its image, the company took the following public relation initiatives. Firstly, it started balancing its business with active citizenship/working in partnership with communities. Secondly, the company decided to position itself as a company that respects human rights and environment. Thirdly, the company started publicising itself as a law-abiding, non-sectarian company. As Turk and Scanlan (1999) reflect, the company decided to propagate what it did for community and environment. Thus, one thing becomes very evident. International HR needs to be able to keep both internal and external

Molecular biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Molecular biology - Essay Example (Unemo & Nicholas, 2012). The developing multi drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the severe symptoms of the gonococcal infections, added to the socioeconomic burden and epidemiologically threatening aspects of the disease; drug resistance gonorrhea, its detection and diagnosis has acquired immense significance (Blomquist, et al., 2014). It is important to focus on preventing the spread of resistant forms as part of disease management. An essential requirement for controlling spread is enhancing surveillance through better diagnostic methods for identification and isolation of disease resistant pathogens. This project aims to introduce a novel method of diagnosis of drug resistance in clinical isolates of gonorrhea. The method presented in this paper involves the use of Tiling array for diagnosis of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The protocol is based on similar technology already used for development of protocols for drug resistance in other organisms. Tiling array is a derivation of microarray technology developed by Kapranov and colleagues (2002) and Shoemaker and colleagues (2001) that facilitates identification of previously unidentified transcripts through genome wide annotations. The initial euphoria associated with the utility and significance of antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs seems to fade with the rise in the bacterial strains exhibiting resistance to single as well as multiple drugs. Hence drug resistance has become an exponentially rising global health hazard rendering world population once again vulnerable to the threats of common diseases (Levy & Marshall, 2004). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have been known to exhibit multi-drug resistance leaving health care providers with no antimicrobial therapeutic agents ensuring control and management of

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay A person can have many distinctive qualities, leadership is among those qualities, not everyone possess such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and failure, leadership is one of the most important quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it: I believe the real difference between success and failure in a corporation can be very often traced to the question of how well the organization brings out the great energies and talents of its people. Leaders that can bring positive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are consider as a transformational leader, they are energetic, passionate, not only they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do well and to be successful as well. According to Cox (2001), leadership is divided into two categories: transactional leadership and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader; and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and ability in order to coordinate wit h the change. In this particular essay, the main focus will be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leadership; along with supporting explanations, facts and various examples. Arguments against Transformational Leadership Theory: Study results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978): recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership theory in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns. There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the criticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive; on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that supporters might be handled by leaders. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that: Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in personality or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig: has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exp loited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later become so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements. There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done. Supports for the Transformational Leadership theory: Two of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it dif ferently. Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias (cited in blog: leadership, 2010) have stated: More than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that report: Jay Conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London Business School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have :Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders given coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive. Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that: Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership. Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership: skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training. There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share. Conclusion: In conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory; transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

College Admissions Essay: Expressing Creativity through Mathematics :: College Admissions Essays

Expressing Creativity through Mathematics After his visit to a Shell Research Laboratory, my high school teacher in math told us in class that he was so happy with his education, because mathematics had helped him to understand the explanations and demonstrations that had been given by the Shell researchers. He said, "If you master mathematics then you can understand everything." That was certainly an exaggeration, but it nevertheless sounded like a golden message. Since I definitely wanted to have a better understanding of what was going on around me, mathematics seemed the obvious way to go. Also, if it was not much beyond high school math, then it was pretty easy in addition. What could one wish more? So I enrolled in every advanced math class offered in our high school. Pretty soon I discovered that mathematics was much more than a set of principles that helped one to solve intellectual riddles. It was not a finished system that one could aim to master after some limited time, but it was really a way of thinking, a means of expressing creativity: endless, an old established science, but still fresh and with undiscovered green meadows, nearby and far away. I also learned that mathematics was more than merely an intellectual activity: it was a necessary tool for getting a grip on all sorts of problems in science and engineering. Without mathematics there is no progress. However, mathematics could also show its nasty face during periods in which problems that seemed so simple at first sight refused to be solved for a long time. Every math student will recognize these periods of frustration and helplessness. My first opportunity to use math outside the academic world was in my part time job with United parcel Service. It was an eye-opener for me in that mathematical techniques, in combination with computers, could be used for solving very complicated real-life problems, such as predicting and controlling the continuos flow of 300 million packages per day. I was deeply impressed by the numerical masterpieces of Jim Gilkinson and Dick Marga, the project managers. They led the way in showing how one could overcome some serious limitations of computers for solving linear systems of equations.

An Experience I Will Never Forget

The day was near, it was ten days for the concert, and all the days I asked my father for permission and the money. One day after he was saying the same thing, my father finally said â€Å"yes†, and he gave me the money. He told me that it was the gift for my birthday. I was so happy and I immediately called my friend for saying about the news. The next day we bought the ticket and only were for the big concert missing two days. We couldn’t believe that we would be in the most waited place, so on Saturday November 26th; we never thought that in few hours, we would sing all the song of our favorite band. My friend and I were so excited but when we were on the subway, almost arriving to the â€Å"Auditorium†, the subway was overcrowded and we were so nervous. When we arrived to the â€Å"Auditorium†, we sat in the chairs, and we were waiting for the band to go out. The lights turned off and all the auditory screamed like crazy people for the band. The orchestra began to play one of my favorite songs. Peep, the singer appeared in the scene. That moment was so awesome and exciting for me, and the entire place was singing each one of the songs. The singer said the surprise of the night; it was that they would record a CD with DVD of the entire concert. I was so crazy for the big news and my friend began to cry.

PH Lab Report Essays

PH Lab Report Essays PH Lab Report Paper PH Lab Report Paper Soapy water Material Required To facilitate this laboratory exercise, the experimenter needs the following: pH strips Sample reservoirs of solutions with varying pH Laboratory Notebook pH paper Background H stands for potential hydrogen. This is a measure of the acidity or basilica of a solution. Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. The pH scale is a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very close to 7. The pH scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole pH value below 7 is ten mimes more acidic than the next higher value. For example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than pH 6. The same holds true for pH values above 7, each of which is ten times more alkaline than the next lower whole value. For example, pH 10 is ten times more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times (10 times 10) more alkaline than pH 8. Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference. This measures the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode. Measurement of pH for solutions can be done with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or using indicators. PH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, environmental science, oceanography, etc. Procedure For each of the samples you selected, execute the following steps to acquire the PH. . Cut a strip of pH testing paper utilizing the serrated edge of the dispenser (1-2 in. Length minimum). 2. Submerge the pH testing strip and immerse in solution for approximately 10 seconds. 3. Remove the strip and promptly compare the results to the specimen colors indicated on the dispenser. 4. Record data for the tested solution. 5. Repeat the steps until you have tested all solutions. Data Solut ion Name Personal pH Recordings Group 2 pH Recordings Group 3 Recordings average H Recordings . Soda Orange Juice 3. Iced Tea 6 4. Lime Juice 3 4 5. Water 7 6. Milk 7. Soapy Water 8 Conclusion In concluding this lab I found that, in general most groups had similar recordings in their lab. Although, when testing the pH of soda the recording of pH between groups ranged from 1 to 3. A 3 on the pH scale is 100 times more acidic than a 1. The recording did not change much from my earlier predictions. In the beginning of the lab I anticipated that the order of the solutions tested old be in the following on a pH scale: lime juice, orange juice, soda, iced tea, milk, water, soapy water. This was correct aside from the fact that soda is before orange juice on the pH scale. This is less surprising when reviewing the amount of acid in soda. Acid is listed on average in three forms on a nutrition label for soda. If I were to conduct another lab on pH would test if the level of pH differs from soda brand to soda brand. Overall, the lab familiarized me with the concept and meaning of pH and gave me experience in measuring it, therefore accomplishing the purpose.

Allomorph Word Forms and Sounds

Allomorph Word Forms and Sounds In phonology, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. (A morpheme is the smallest unit of a language.) For example, the plural in English has three different morphs, making plural an allomorph, because there are alternatives. Not all plurals are formed in the same way; theyre made in English with three different morphs: /s/, /z/, and  [É™z], as in kicks, cats, and sizes, respectively.   For example, when we find a group of different  morphs, all versions of one morpheme, we can use the prefix  allo-  ( one of a closely related set) and describe them as allomorphs of that morpheme. Take the morpheme plural. Note that it can be attached to a number of lexical morphemes to produce structures like cat   plural, bus   plural, sheep   plural, and man   plural. In each of these examples, the actual forms of the morphs that result from the morpheme plural are different. Yet they are all allomorphs of the one morpheme. So, in addition to /s/ and /É™z/, another allomorph of plural in English seems to be a zero-morph because the plural form of  sheep  is actually sheep   ∅. When we look at man   plural, we have a vowel change in the word...as the morph that produces the irregular plural form  men. (George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Past Tense Allomorphs Past tense is another morpheme that has multiple morphs and is thus an allomorph. When you form the past tense, you add the sounds /t/, /d/, and /É™d/ to words to put them in past tense, such as in talked, grabbed, and wanted, respectively. Completely arbitrary allomorphs, such as English  went  (go  Ã‚  past tense), are relatively rare in the  lexicon, and occur almost exclusively with a few very frequent words. This unpredictable kind of allomorphy is called  suppletion. (Paul Georg Meyer, Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Gunter Narr Verlag, 2005) Pronunciation Can Change Depending on the context, allomorphs can vary in shape and pronunciation without changing meaning, and the formal relation between phonological allomorphs is called an  alternation.  [A]n underlying morpheme can have multiple surface level allomorphs (recall that the prefix allo means other). That is, what we think of as a single unit (a single morpheme) can actually have more than one  pronunciation  (multiple allomorphs)...We can use the following analogy:  phoneme:  allophone   morpheme: allomorph. (Paul W. Justice, Relevant Linguistics: An Introduction to the Structure and Use of English for Teachers, 2nd ed. CSLI, 2004) For example, [t]he  indefinite article  is a good example of a morpheme with more than one allomorph. It is  realized  by the two forms  a  and  an. The sound at the beginning of the following word determines the allomorph that is selected. If the word following the indefinite article begins with a  consonant, the allomorph  a  is selected, but if it begins with a  vowel  the allomorph  an  is used instead... [A]llomorphs of a morpheme are in  complementary distribution. This means that they cannot substitute for each other. Hence, we cannot replace one allomorph of a morpheme by another allomorph of that morpheme and change meaning. (Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) More on the Term Itself   The terms adjectival use is  allomorphic. Its etymology derives from the Greek,  Ã‚  other form.

A Closer Look at Apple's Success Strategies Research Paper

A Closer Look at Apple's Success Strategies - Research Paper Example Their product innovation made it a brand to be envied not just in terms of functionality, but features, design and quality. Therefore, in this study the researcher would be attempting to analyze that how innovation, product extension or expansion has affected the financial growth and the managerial decision making of Apple Inc. and how the company has come up with new marketing tactics to survive as a leader in its own niche (Douglas, 2012). Apple Inc. is a, technology based multinational company, in America, having its headquarter in Cupertino, California. It is popular for its technological innovations and designs. The company is into manufacturing and selling of consumer electronic goods and is best known for its products which are a brand in itself like the iMac, iPod, iPhone, iPad and the Apple Watch. It also provides a range of online services to the consumers like the iTunes, the iCloud and the App Store (Apple Inc., 2015). Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak have founded Apple on 1st April, 1976 to manufacture and sell personal computers. On 3rd January, 1977 it was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. and was renamed on 9th January, 2007 as Apple Inc. (Apple Inc., 2015). It is globally the largest technology company by total assets, second largest Information Technology Company after Samsung Electronics by revenue and ranking third in the world as mobile phone maker. Apple Inc. has become the first company in the United States to be valued at over 700 billion dollars on 25th November, 2014 in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in market capitalization world-wide. As per 2014, the company had a total of 72,800 full-time employees, operating in 437 retail stores in fifteen countries and online Apple Store and iTunes Store functioning globally among which iTunes is the largest music retailer in the world (Apple Inc., 2015). Apple

British airways and Iberia airlines merger Essay

British airways and Iberia airlines merger - Essay Example Brief History of British Airways (BA) British Airways (BA), the flag carrier of the UK, is the largest airline in the United Kingdom on the basis of fleet magnitude flights and terminus. The airline was established in 1974 and has ruled the airline industry since its creation as regards passenger volume until the arrival of low-cost competitor, Easyjet in 2008. BA has been centered at London Heathrow Airport, which is the airline’s central hub. In its growth strategies, BA acquired Dan-Air, which increased its popularity at Gatwick Airport. BA also acquired 25 percent shares in Australian airline, Qantas in 1993. In 1998, the airline together with other leading airlines formed an alliance dubbed â€Å"Oneworld airline alliance.† The airline was privatized in 2006. BA experienced 84 percent drop in profits in 1999, its worst performance in seven years. Consequently, Rod Eddington succeeded Robert Ayling as the company’s CEO. Willie Walsh later replaced Rod Eddington and steered the merger process. The airline sold its Qantas stake in 2004. BA and lberia made public a merger plan in 2010. BA stopped trading in London Stock Exchange in 2011. The alliance between BA and lberia emerged third largest airline group globally. In Europe, it was second biggest airline group. Brief History of lberia From 1944 to 2001, lberia remained nationalized. After privatization on April, 2001, lberia joined stock markets and was integrated in the IBEX-35 stock index of the Madrid Stock Exchange. The privatization lasted up to 2009 after which the airline formed a merger with British Airways in 2010, which gave birth to International Airlines Group. Under the merger, each airline retained its original brand.

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Media - Essay Example t racism has filtered into our sociological order and has become an insidious form of institutionalized and subtle bias that is more threatening than in the past. When we speak of racism in America our attention is necessarily directed towards the African-American population. Claims of black racism against whites based on affirmative action, or bias against Euro-ethnic groups and religions are simply unfounded. According to Pettigrew, â€Å"Two centuries of slavery, another century of legalized segregation, and the evolution of these structures into today’s unique and entrenched system of racial discrimination deny any validity to this politically convenient perspective† (320). While many ethnic groups have assimilated into the American culture, Blacks have been disassociated due to skin color. Catholics, Jews, and the Irish are more able to meld into mainstream institutions than African-Americans. Blacks are the most heavily differentiated racial group in America and this has heightened their own sense of cultural differences as well as desensitizing whites to their sense of racial bias. The desensitization of white bias against African-Americans can be seen in the educational disparity that exists in America today. When America’s educational system moved away from the concept of separate but equal, and into a more integrated school model, the tendency was to make the black educational system more white rather than more right. There has been little effort at real improvement in the predominately black public schools in America. These misguided efforts have â€Å"denigrated Black teachers and administrators, and the institutions themselves. Many Black schools were closed, traditions lost, and culture ignored. The Black parents feared that the children would be forced to adopt White culture and lose their own rich culture and identity† (Jackson 143). While there has been an increase in Black studies and racial historical sensitivity, the move towards separate

Two Carbohydrate Solution Essay Example for Free

Two Carbohydrate Solution Essay This experiment consist of 2 part . First part is to test whether solution A and solution B are reducing sugar. Second part of the experiment is to investigate 2 type of reaction , biological reaction and chemical reaction. The chemical enzyme is hydrochloric acid while the biological enzyme is amylase saliva . The specific enzyme reaction involved in the experiment is hydrolysis reaction. Solution B is a polysaccharide which will break down into monosaccharide by hydrolysis reaction. Hydrochloric acid is a very strong acid and it can digest any that contact with it. At high temperature, hydrochloric acid can act as chemical enzyme which can hydrolyses polysaccharide. Hydrochloric acid can break down solution B and starch which are polysaccharide to their respective monosaccharide. Temperatures may have affect the substances such as solutions A and B, saliva, and hydrochloric acid. Saliva is a type of biological enzyme needs an optimum temperature of 37Â °C to carry out high activity. High temperature causes amylase to become denatured, and the shape of the active site changes, because the bonds in the enzymes are broken because of the heat energy gained to brak the bond. When an enzyme is denatured, it cannot function, hence , no catalyse biological reaction. When solution B is under high temperature, solution B gains heat, which is converted to kinetic energy. Solution B thus have high kinetic energy, and its easier to be catalyzed because the activation energy is achieved easily. Because it has high kinetic energy, the solution can be catalyzed by the hydrochloric acid. The product that formed after hydrolysed is broken to monosaccharide which are glucose molecules. This is because glucose is a type of reducing sugar that can turns Benedict’s solution from blue to brick-red precipitate. Starch and glucose are consider as carbohydrate . Figure below shows the structures of starch. Structure of glucose is shown as above . Basis of the test used in this experiment is for amylase enzyme and hydrochloric acid to function as enzymes to convert starch, which is solution B to their monomers. At 37Â °C, amylase enzyme are able to convert starch to glucose because it is in their optimum temperature. Beside that, HCl cannot carry out reaction because its has not gained enough energy to catalyse reaction. At 95Â °C, HCl are able to catalyse starch into glucose molecule because it has gained enough energy through heating process. However, amylase enzyme are denatured at high temperature. High temperature breaks the bonds that holds the 3D shape of an amylase enzyme. This causes the active site of the amylase enzyme to be altered, and therefore starch molecules cannot bind to the altered active site. The purpose of adding sodium hydroxide is to neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the solutions, while adding Benedict’s solution is to test the presence of glucose molecules. Carbohydrate Solution B is the complex molecule and this is because show no reaction in benedict’s test. Before hydrochloric acid is added, solution B still is starch. After hydrolyzing reaction take place , is shows positive result to th benedict’s test. Means glucose is present in solution B after hydrolyzing. Conclusion : Salivary amylase will only hydrolyse starch into glucose at optimum temperature(37 while hydrochloric acid can hydrolyse starch at temperature (c).

The Concept Of Emptiness Philosophy Essay

The Concept Of Emptiness Philosophy Essay Nagarjunas philosophy deals with the concept of emptiness. The idea of emptiness has to do with the emptiness of something, but the thing that is being described as being empty still exists in some extent (Westerhoff). The emptiness that Nagarjuna talks about deals less with the identity and essence of a thing, and instead deals more with the substance of which something is empty (Westerhoff). This paper will explain what emptiness is, and will explain how the experiential truth of non-self serves as a paradigmatic phenomena for the Buddhist insight of emptiness. In order to properly understand the concept of emptiness, one must understand the differences between the meanings of something, or svabhava. To understand what emptiness is, one must understand what something is. There is a distinction between two main concepts of svabhava (Westerhoff). The first is an ontological one that refers to how objects exist, and the second is a cognitive one that describes the way that objects are conceptualized by human beings which will be explained later in this paper. Within the ontological distinction there are three different understandings of svabhava which deal with essence, substance, and absolute reality (Westerhoff). If svabhava is understood as an essence, then it must be understood as an essential property or characteristic that is necessarily attributed to an object that would otherwise cease to be (Westerhoff). Consider the examples of fire and water. The svabhava or essence of fire is to be hot. If the fire ceases to be hot, then it is no longer fire. Similarly, the svabhava of water is to be wet, and as such if the water were no longer wet, it would no longer be water. Given this understanding of svabhava, it can then be identified as whatever quality or qualities that exist specific to an object that are immutable from that object, and which allow an observer to distinguish that object from others (Westerhoff). This concept of svabhava as an essence is not what the concept of emptiness deals with. Knowing that this notion of svabhava is not applicable to the notion of emptiness helps to paint a clearer picture of what emptiness actually is once the alternative view of svabhava is explored (Westerhoff). In Buddhist philosophical thought there is a clear distinction between the ideas of primary existents and secondary existents (Westerhoff). The basic, irreducible parts of the world that are necessarily objective are what are being described as a primary existent. Conversely, a secondary existent is based on conceptual practices and often deal with language and description (Westerhoff). Within Buddhism, there exists the idea that the only thing that is actually real is the moment in which the consciousness conceptualizes a thing, and the aggregates of that conceptualization are just constructs of the mind (Westerhoff). If one were to adopt this view, then anything that were not a moment of consciousness would have to be a secondary existent, and only those moments of consciousness would be considered a primary existent (Westerhoff). Its this idea of primary existent that describes svabhava. In this view, Svabhava would be any objects, or substances, that are part of the world which a ctually exist, and are independent of something else However, Nagarjuna argues that there are no such objects or substances. The main target of Nagarjunas view is that the understanding of svabhava as a primary existent or substance is incorrect (Westerhoff). Its the reason why he states that A person should be mentioned as existing only in a designation (i.e., conventionally there is a being), but not in reality (or substance) (Rahula). The alternative view of svabhava then would be the ontological understanding of something, which can be understood as being unchangeable and independent of another object and not being created by any causal process (Westerhoff). The problem that becomes evident here is that the true nature of phenomena is emptiness, which is the absence of svabhava as it is understood as substance. However, when svabhava is understood in this way, it is also understood to not be brought about by any causal process, and must be unchangeable and independent of other objects (Westerhoff). So it effectively breaks down in to the idea that something that has all these properties must exist since there is svabhava which is the true nature of phenomena, but at the same time it must not exist since svabhava understood as substance does not exist. It seems that emptiness only exists as long as svabhava is understood as substance, but emptiness does not depend on any specific phenomenon to exist (Westerhoff). However, there has to be some phenomenon mistakenly conceived for emptiness to exist. Effectively what this is saying is that there really are only two ways of understanding svabhava , which are understanding svabhava as essence and as substance. What was earlier called svabhava as absolute reality is only a specific form of svabhava that is understood as essence (Westerhoff). So, referring back to the example given earlier, emptiness is an essential quality of all phenomena just as heat is an essential quality of fire. Things could not be the things they are without being empty. The last thing that must be understood is the cognitive understanding of svabhava. For Nagarjuna, the understanding of existence and non-existence is understood to be the way out of suffering and into moksha, or liberation (Westerhoff). It is not just the gaining a cognitive idea and understanding of reality, it must also reveal insight into the way in which people should interact in the world. Understanding svabhava as substance leads to suffering because it is the basis for attachment within samsara (Westerhoff). The quotation from Nagarjuna in The Precious Garland helps to paint this picture more clearly; So the production and disintegration of the illusion-like world are seen, but the production and disintegration do not ultimately exist. When the view of svabhava as substance is abandoned, then the attachments to samsara and the sufferings that are accompanied by this view are destroyed. However, because svabhava is the view that substance does not exist, then the attachments an d sufferings that are destroyed can be realized to never have existed to begin with. The purpose is to distinguish between seeing an absence of svabhava or rather seeing emptiness versus realizing that svabhava exists because of emptiness (Westerhoff). It is intended to change ones perspective of the world entirely, such that they can find liberation from samsara, and consequently, from suffering. Westerhoff, Jan Christoph, NÄ gÄ rjuna, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta  (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/nagarjuna/ Rahula, Walpole, What the Buddha Taught (New York: Grove Press, 1974), p. 55; note that the Sanskrit terms have not been included in the quote. Nagarjuna, The Precious Garland (www.ratnavaili.com/content/view/7327/45/), p. 16, Ch. 2, Verse No.111

Conflicting Themes in The Poetry of W. B. Yeats Essay -- Literary Anal

In analysing the poetry of W.B. Yeats, I have come to understand the multiple conflicting themes and positions he presents in his poetry. However, my understanding has been influenced most by Yeats’s exploration of key conflicts in ageing along with political anarchy. These are conveyed respectively in the poems â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole† (1916) and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† (1923), using the central symbol of the swan. In â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, Yeats conveys the conflict within his heart; where he is an ageing, old man opposed to the young, revitalised swans. He laments the loss of his playful energy which he sees in the abundance of love and vitality in the swans. In â€Å"Leda and the Swan†, Yeats conveys the political dichotomy of the Irish nationalistic struggle against the opposing British suppression; exemplified by the swan’s advances towards the vulnerable Leda. Yeats presents the key conflict of ageing through exploring his own life in decline compared to the spiritual transcendence of the swans in â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†. Yeats wrote this poem in October 1916 after his latest rejection by Maud Gonne, following the death of her husband, John MacBride, in the Easter Rebellion. Yeats therefore reflects on the inertia of his own life, while regathering himself at Lady Gregory’s Coole Park estate. While revolving around the idea that sexual fulfilment with Maud has been lost. Yeats retains the last of his romantic preoccupations in perceiving a spiritual element through the natural world, where nature is reflective of youth and beauty. The main way this is conveyed is through the swans, symbolising youth, vitality and freedom, the conflicting position to Yeats’s personal state. Yeats conveys this through a reflective, sorrowful tone, as h... ...he spiritual element of life, discovered through the natural world with â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, and history with â€Å"Leda and the Swan†. Works Cited 1. Bogan, L., 1938, â€Å"William Butler Yeats†, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1938, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1938/05/william-butler-yeats/4672/ 2. Holstad, S., n.d., "Yeats's 'Leda and the Swan’: Psycho-Sexual Therapy in Action", California State University, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www-scf.usc.edu/~erdemoz/Write/leda.html 3. â€Å"Modernist Poetry 2: W. B. Yeats†, lecture by Dr. Aaron Kelly, 20th April 2004, from the green booklet â€Å"Module B: The Critical Study of Texts: William Butler Yeats†. 4. Morrison, A., 1998, â€Å"Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats", The Imperial Archive Project, accessed 9 June 2012, http://www.qub.ac.uk/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm

Paranormal Existences

Paranormal Existence Is someone or something else among us at this moment, in this room, something we can’t even see? Have you ever wondered what else is really out there? Unexplained happenings occur every day. Spirits or ghosts are thought of just being people that have passed away but there has to be more to it. Paranormal activity is defined as experiences that lie outside the range of normal experience or scientific explanation.At some point in everyone’s life they will experience some kind of unexplained activity. Many people ask the question if it actually exists or if it’s all in their head. Scientists often say that these so called â€Å"spirits† do not exist. Only personal experiences can interpret your own feelings about paranormal existences. My story is about a spirit that lived on past their death. One night a couple months ago me and my friends were playing on her wigi board. Her dad had died 5 years earlier due to a horrific car crash.Her f amily had always seen balls roll across the room and other strange things happen without explanation; they always assumed it was him. When we started playing around with the board the first letter of the girl’s dads name showed up and her eyes instantly filled up with tears, like a helpless child left all alone, the second letter was the second letter to his name, the same with the third. By this time my friend was balling, she of course knew it was her father. We continued playing until the last letter of his name showed up.At this moment we heard a vase upstairs shatter into a million pieces, just like the car windshield had done when his helpless body had gone through it, instantly killed. We ran upstairs to find the vase and its contents of flowers spread all over the floor. Then we replaced it with a new vase and reassembled the flowers to how they were. The next morning her mother walked downstairs with a flower in her hand and asked, â€Å"Why did you put a flower nex t to my bed? † That night changed the way I thought about spirits forever.I never thought anything like that could ever happen to me. Anyone who experienced that kind of activity and the intensity in that room could easily say they felt a presence surrounding them. In the moment of that glass shattering was the one of the scariest moments of my life. I will always remember the terror racing through me, my heart pounding, sounding of horse’s strong hooves beating against the track, like thunder rolling in and the suspense leading up to the storm.Saying spirits like this don’t exist is outrageous considering how many people actually experience real activity. Some people don’t want to believe this is real simply because they are scared of it. Many others find it very interesting to study about and explore the possibilities of what else could potentially be out there with us in our everyday lives and something you aren’t even able to see. Everyone has d ifferent views on if paranormal existences are actually real. Mysterious things could happen at any time, and when they do, be prepared.

An Economic Analysis of Groundwater Development vis-à-vis Resource Use Efficiency in Tank Command Areas.

An Economic Analysis of Groundwater Development visvis Resource Use Efficiency in Tank Command Areas. Free Online Research Papers ABSTRACT: Out of total farmers 75 per cent were cultivating rice in tank command areas. The rest of the farmers cultivated other crops and hence resource use efficiency has been estimated for rice crop alone. Among the rice growers 27 per cent of farmers have raised rice with tank water alone while the rest applied both tank water and well water. The analysis was done for two situations i) tank water alone and ii) tank cum well water application. The total cost of rice cultivation using only tank water was Rs 16016/- per hectare and tank cum well water situation, the total cost of rice cultivation was Rs 24628/- per hectare. The Mean Technical Efficiency (MTE) was calculated to be 0.3996 for only tank water using farmers. It indicated that the technical efficiency of rice farmers were only 39.96 per cent and yield of rice could be increased by 60.04 per cent more by adopting a technically efficient plan without any increase in cost. The Mean Technical Efficiency (MTE) was calculated to be 0.6248 for tank cum well water users. It indicated that technical efficiency of rice farmers was only 62.48 per cent and yield of rice could be increased by 37.52 per cent more by adopting a technically efficient plan without any increase in cost. Introduction The important factor in agricultural development in India is going to be efficient use of available water resources for crop production. The increasing need for crop production due to growing population led to the rapid expansion of irrigation throughout the world. Historically, groundwater is an important source of irrigation of India. Its contribution in enhancing agricultural production was better realized during the green revolution period. However, in the race for increasing agricultural production, its over–exploitation and mismanagement had resulted in several problems like fluctuations in water table and increase in depth of wells. Indian agriculture received the highest priority in irrigation development in successive Five-Year Plans. The irrigated area increased from 20 million ha in 1950-51 to 57.3 million ha in 1999-2000. With the advent of new agricultural technology in mid 1960s, several incentives (like electrification, bank credit, etc.) were given to the groundwater development. The area under groundwater irrigation, which was less than six million ha in 1959-60, went up to 18 million ha in 1980-81 to 33 million ha in 1999-2000. More than half of the total irrigation is done through groundwater. The share of groundwater in total irrigated area increased from 30 per cent in 1960-61 to 58.77 per cent in 1999-2000. Most of the groundwater development came through private investment. The area under groundwater is increasing progressively as this is the most reliable and cost-effective source of irrigation (Joshi, 2002). This paper is based on the MSc (Agri.) of the first author. Thesis was submitted by the author (Venkatesh.G. 2003) to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. The major sources of irrigation in India are tanks, canals and wells. The tanks have existed in India from time immemorial, and have been an important source of irrigation, particularly, in South India where it accounts for about one-third of the rice irrigated area. (Palanisami et al., 2001) The recent estimate places the actual number of tanks in Tamil Nadu at 34,000, the remaining 5,000 plus has just disappeared over the past 15 years, so because of a variety of reasons during the 1980’s. Though there are several studies on tank irrigation and its problems, studies on groundwater development and resource use efficiency of rice in tank command areas are limited. However, in this paper we attempt to study the resource use efficiency in rice cultivation and returns to supplemental irrigation in tank command areas. In particular, we employ the stochastic frontier production techniques to measure technical efficiency of rice. The study proceeds as follows Section I explains the methodology used in the study. Data, model and variables are discussed in section II. Section III provides the empirical results and the final section (IV) summarizes the findings and suggests policy implications. Section I Methodology The measurement of efficiency was the main motivation for the study of frontier. The technical efficiency literature begins with Farrell (1957), employed a deterministic approach in which he estimated a cost frontier by using linear programming (LP), requiring all observations to lie on or above the frontier. Aigner and Chu (1968) translated Farrell’s cost frontier into a production frontier, since outlier observations under a deterministic approach seriously affect the problem, by using a probabilistic frontier function. This approach deletes outlier observations, one at a time, to avoid spurious errors due to extreme observations, until the estimated coefficients stabilize. Then, Timmer’s (1971) approach yields a frontier, which is probabilistic rather than deterministic or stochastic. Later Aigner et al., (1977) developed a stochastic frontier model and key feature of the model was that the disturbance term is composed of two parts, one symmetric and the other â₠¬Ëœone-sided’. A symmetric disturbance term is normally distributed component permits random variation of the frontier across firms and captures the effect of measurement error, other statistical noises and random shocks outside the firm’s control. A one-sided error component captures the effect of inefficiency relative to the stochastic frontier. Parameters of the stochastic frontier may be estimated by the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) or Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS), method if the probability function for symmetric and one-sided components of the error term is specified. A number of comprehensive literature reviews are available, such as Battese (1992), Kalirajan Shand (1994), Mythilli Shanmugam (2000), Tim Coelli et al., (2002) and Shanmugam K.R (2003) A (linear) stochastic frontier model is specified as Y = f (X1,X2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Xn) + (v ? u) Where, v is the symmetric error component causing the deterministic part of the production frontier f (X1, X2†¦Xn) to vary across the firms. Technical efficiency relative to the stochastic production frontier is captured by the one-sided error component (? depending on whether one specifies a production or cost frontier), u?0. Given the density functions for u and v the frontier function defined above may be estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. While several distributions can be considered for the term u, the statistical estimation of the frontier model combining both u and v usually leads only to the estimation of average technical efficiency of the sample observations since their combined effects could not be separated under such general assumptions. However, individual observation specific-technical efficiency measures are more useful from a policy viewpoint. The approach to identify firm specific technical efficiency requires some estimators that allow for separating the effects of the one-sided error term u from the combined effects of u and v using the estimated frontier functions. Therefore, the problem is to predict ui under the assumption that ui+vi is known. The best predictor of an unknown random variable (ui) under the value of the combined random variables ui+vi is the minimum mean squared error predictor given by the conditional expectation of ui. Assuming a half normal distribution for ui and normal distribution for vi, the frontier model becomes Y=f (X1,X2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Xn) + (v ? u) where, u = ? u ? and u ?N ?0, ?2u ? and v ? N ?0, ?2v ? The components of the disturbance term are assumed to be independent and the frontier is assumed to be linear in above case. (In case of multiplicative models the ?(v-u) component is expressed as exp (v-u)). Now, the firm or observation specific ui can be estimated as E? u i? ( ui + vi )?= ?u ?v /? ? f(.) / (1-F(.) -?( ui + vi ) / / (1-? )? 1/2? Where f(.) and F(.) are standard normal density and distribution functions evaluated at ?(ui+vi) / ? ? ? ? /1-? ? 1/2, ? = ?2u / ?2 and ?2= ?2u+?2v Alternatively, E (u? e) =/ (1+?2)? ? f (E? / ?) / F (E? / ?) E? / Where ?=?2u / ?2v One advantage of estimating the frontier production that is possible to find out whether the farmers deviation of yield from frontier is mainly because they did not use the best practical technique or due to external random factors. Thus, one can say whether the difference between the actual yield obtained and the frontier yield, if any, occurred accidentally or not. Following Battese and Coelli (1988), when output is measured in logarithms, the farm-specific technical efficiency can be estimated as: TEi = Exp (-ui) i = 1,2,3†¦n, 0 ? TEi ?1 The variance ratio ?, explaining the total variation in output from the frontier level of output attributed to technical efficiencies, can be computed as: ?= ?2u /?2 Where ?2 = ?2u+?2v and 0 ? ? ? 1 ? is an indicator of relative variability of ui and vi met differentiates the actual yield obtained from the frontier. There are two interesting points about ? 1) When ?2v is tends to zero, which implied that vi is the predominant error, then the ?=1. This means that the farmer’s yield difference from the maximum feasible yield mainly because he did not use the best practice technique. 2) When ?2u are tends to zero, which implies that the symmetric error term vi the predominant error, ? is tending to zero. This means that the farmer’s yield difference from the frontier yield is mainly because of either technical error or external factors not under his control. Direct estimates of the stochastic production function frontier model may be obtained by Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) method. In this study MLE method is used to estimate (as was used by Olsen et al., (1980): and Banik Arindam (1994)). Measurement of technical efficiency has been attempted across crops such as Rice (e.g. Kalirajan Shand 1994; Mythili Shanmugam 2000); tea (e.g. Hazarika Subramanian 1999); rice, groundnut and cotton (Shanmugam 2003); and coffee, orange, banana and pepper (e.g. Venkatesh et al., 2005). Section II Data model and variables used in the study The study area was Sivaganga District, Southern Region of Tamil Nadu, which has more number of tanks, has been purposefully selected as study area. Multi-stage Stratified Random sampling was used. In study area Sivaganga District, Sivaganga Taluk (Stage I) was selected and in that taluk four tanks were selected from PWD management and two were selected from PU maintenance based on command area of the tank (Stage II). So, six villages are benefited by the chosen tanks, namely Namanur, Kovanur, Panaiur, Mudikondon, Valuthani and Salur. Twenty farmers from each of the mentioned villages were randomly selected (Stage III). On the total 120 respondents were interviewed. Rice was the major cereal crop in this district. Therefore, rice crop was chosen for further analysis. The survey was conducted during the year 2002-2003. The empirical model consists of single stage. In that stage, the stochastic frontier production function was estimated. For that purpose, the Cobb-Douglas production function was employed and which is given by: Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the resource use efficiency. Y = bo X1b1X2b2X3b3X4b4 X5b5U Where, Y = Rice yield in quintals per ha X1 = Area under rice in ha. X2 = Fertilizer applied (N+P+K kgs per ha) X3 = Labour mandays per ha X4 = Expenditure on bullock, machinery power, seeds and pesticides (Rs. per ha) X5 = Irrigation (ha cm) bo = Intercept bi = 1,2,3,4, and 5 are production elasticities. U = Error term Section III Empirical Results Distribution of Land Holdings of the Sample Farmers in the Study Area It could be seen from the Table 1 that out of 120 sample farmers 56.7 per cent were marginal farmers, while 32.5 per cent were small farmers and the remaining 10.8 per cent belonged to big farmers’ group. Table 1. Distribution of Land Holdings of the Sample Farmers in the Study Area Name of the Village Category of farmers Marginal (2.5ha) Namanur 6 10 4 Kovanur 15 3 2 Mudikondum 10 7 3 Panaiyur 11 8 1 Valuthani 9 8 3 Salur 17 3 0 Total 68 (56.7) 39 (32.5) 13 (10.8) Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to total Distance of Sample Farms from Sluice of Tanks Distance from sluice is very important to get water for field and also the distance decides the number of supplemental irrigation to be applied. The requirement of supplemental irrigation is less if the fields are nearer to head of the Tank and vice versa. The distances of farmers’ field from sluice of tanks are presented in Table 2. The distribution of farmers among the head, middle and tail end reach of the tank sluices were 38, 37 and 45 respectively. This clearly showed that majority of the farmers field were located at tail end of the tank sluice and the rest were equally distributed between head and middle reach from sluice. Table 2. Distance of Sample Farms from Sluice of Tanks Villages Head (< 400 m) Middle (401-800 m) Tail (> 801 m) Namanur 5 5 10 Kovanur 6 7 7 Mudikondum 8 7 5 Panaiyur 4 6 10 Valuthani 9 6 5 Salur 6 6 8 Total 38 37 45 Well Details of Sample Farmers Details about wells owned by farmers are furnished in Table 3. Generally farmers owned open wells and open cum bore wells. Namanur village had more number of open wells numbering 10, while it was only one in Mudikondum village. The open cum bore wells were maximum in Salur village and they were least in Kovanur village. The average depth of wells was the highest in Salur village (18.8 m) and the least in Mudikondum village (12.7 m) Average pumping hours of irrigation water from wells was the highest in Salur village (8 hours) during monsoon season and the least in Panaiyur village (5.10 hours per day). During non-monsoon season, the average pumping hours were the highest in Mudikondum village with 3.10 hours per day while it was the least in Panaiyur village (2.05 hours per day). The difference in pumping hours between monsoons was the highest in Salur village (5.50 hours per day) and the least in Namanur village (3.00 hours per day). Table 3. Well Details of Sample Farmers Name of the Villages No of Open wells No of Open cum bore wells Total no of wells Average depth of well (m) Average pumping (in hours/day) Monsoon Season (Sep-Dec) Non season (Jan-Aug) Difference between Monsoon and non-monsoon seasons Namanur 10 6 16 13.0 5.15 2.15 3.00 Kovanur 5 1 6 13.6 6.00 2.00 4.00 Mudikondum 1 8 9 12.7 7.20 3.10 4.10 Panaiyur 7 4 11 13.6 5.10 2.05 3.05 Valuthani 7 2 9 13.6 7.15 2.33 4.82 Salur 0 13 13 18.8 8.00 2.50 5.50 Periodicity of Digging of Wells It could be seen from the Table 4, that during 1980-90’s 38.1 per cent of wells were dug by the farmers. Twenty-four wells out of 63 wells were dug during this period. Next to this 31.7 per cent of wells were dug during 1970-80’s. During 1990-2000, 20.6 per cent of wells were dug and the rest were dug before 1970’s. There was no well digging activity after 2000. Thus, two third of wells were dug during 1970 to 1990 and thereafter there had been a slow down in well digging activity. Table 4. Periodicity of Digging of Wells (No. of wells) Name of the Village Before 1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 After 2000 Total Namanur 2 6 5 3 16 Kovanur 3 1 2 6 Mudikondam 3 5 1 9 Panaiyur 2 3 4 2 11 Valuthani 1 2 5 8 Salur 1 3 4 5 13 Total 6 20 24 13 63 Per cent (9.5) (31.7) (38.1) (20.6) (100.0) Average Annual Decline of Water Table It could be seen from the Table 5 that the average annual decline of water table was the highest in Salur village, with 0.396 m which indicated that more number of farmers resorted to groundwater use in that village. In Panaiyur and Kovanur villages the annual decline in groundwater table was 0.280 m. The least groundwater decline was recorded in Mudikondum with 0.163 m during the reference period. Table 5. Average Depth and Decline of Water Table Name of the Village Water Table (in mm) Average annual decline of water table (in meters) 1990 1995 2003 Namanur 9.7 11.2 13.0 0.256 Kovanur 10.0 10.9 13.6 0.280 Mudikondum 10.6 11.2 12.7 0.163 Panaiyur 10.0 11.5 13.6 0.280 Valuthani 10.2 11.2 13.6 0.221 Salur 13.6 15.8 18.8 0.396 Sample Households’ Participation in Groundwater Sales It could be seen from Table 6 that in all the selected villages, own well water users were more in number because of demand for water for own-cultivation. Groundwater sellers sold it to neighbours because of the following reasons. 1) The lands belonging to small and marginal belonged to the poor farmers’ category do not have wells, in such a situation; well owners sold water to them. 2) The sellers reduced their own demand for water by reducing the number of irrigations, and the water thus saved was sold to other farmers. Cost of well water varied among the villages. Also, it depended on whether the well water was pumped with electric motor or oil engine. It ranged from Rs. 20/- to Rs. 50/- for wells fitted with electric motor and oil motor. The price of well water per hour was high in Namanur village, (Rs.25/-) and low in Salur village (Rs.15/-). In wells fitted with oil motor, the farmers sold well water for Rs. 35/- to Rs. 50/- per hour which was the highest in Namanur village (Rs.50/-) and the least in Salur village (Rs. 35). There was neither selling nor buying of well water in Kovanur and Mudikondum villages because of high salt content in water. Table 6. Sample Households’ Participation in Groundwater Sales Name of the Village Own users Sellers Buyers Water charge of irrigation water with Electric motor (Rs/hr) with Oil motor (Rs/hr) Namanur 9 7 4 25 50 Kovanur* 6 Mudikondam* 9 Panaiyur 7 4 8 15-20 40-50 Valuthani 9 4 6 20 40 Salur 5 5 7 15 35 * No groundwater market emerged Resource Use Efficiency Out of 120 farmers, 100 were cultivating rice in tank command areas. The rest of the farmers cultivated other crops and hence resource use efficiency has been restricted for rice crop alone. Among the rice growers, 27 per cent of farmers have raised rice with tank water alone while the rest applied both tank and well water. The Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated as specified for rice growers with tank water alone as well as tank water plus well water and the results are presented in Table 7. In case of tank water users alone, the co-efficient of multiple determinations was 0.897 which indicated that 89 per cent of variations in rice yield have been attributed by the independent variables included in the function and it was significant at one per cent probability level. Among the independent variables included in the function, area under rice and tank water application had significantly influenced rice yield at one per cent probability level. The partial regression coefficients revealed that elasticity of production for area under rice was 6.039 and 0.0393 for tank water application respectively. The production function estimated for rice growers applying both tank and well water revealed that 77.80 per cent variation in rice yield was explained by independent variables included in the function and the function as a whole was significant at one per cent probability level. Among the explanatory variables included, the area under rice and well water application significantly influenced the rice yield at one per cent probability level while the other expenditures significantly influenced the rice yield at five per cent probability level. This showed that the availability of well water had encouraged farmers to spend more on seed, pesticides and machineries. The estimated partial regression coefficients showed the elasticity of production due to land; well water application and other expenditures were respectively 2.598, 0.276 and 0.0007. The elasticities of production indicated that tank water, well water and other expenditures were less than one and were operating in the second zone of production. On the other hand, the elasticity of production for area under rice was more than one for both tank water users and tank and well water users. This showed that there is scope for increasing rice production through expansion of area in Sivaganga district provided the water is made available either in-sittu conditions or water application deliberately and crop management methods. Table 7. Cobb-Douglas Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water Sl.No. Particulars Estimated partial regression co-efficients Tank water alone Tank and well water 1 Constant 5.4868 (10.2229) 5.6996 (6.2736) 2 Area under rice in ha 6.0359* (1.3542) 2.5984* (0.6899) 3 Fertilizer (N+P+K) in kg per ha 0.1090 (0.0398) 0.0934 (0.0189) 4 Labour man days per ha 0.2045 (0.1731) 0.1324 (0.173) 5 Expenditure on bullock, machine power, seeds and pesticides (Rs per ha) 0.0019 (0.0007) 0.0007** (0.0003) 6 Tank Irrigation (ha cm) 0.0393* (0.0454) 0.0289 (0.130) 7 Well irrigation (ha cm) NA 0.2762* (0.0906) N 27 73 R2 0.897* 0.778* Figures in parentheses indicate standard errors * Significant at 1 % level of probability ** Significant at 5% level of probability Resource Use Efficiency of Rice Growers Resource use efficiency of rice growers have been worked out for the resources which had significantly influenced the rice yield (Table 8). The ratio of VMP of resource to their price indicated that for farmers using only tank water, both of the area and tank water resource are over utilized. The ratio of VMP of resources to their price estimated for farmers using tank cum well also indicated the over utilization of land and other expenditures whereas underutilization of well water. Table 8. Resource Use Efficiency of Rice Growers A. Tank water alone VMP Px VMP/Px Land 4.57 1500* 0.003 Tank Irrigation 0.99 4 0.25 B. Tank cum well water Land 2.5 1500* 0.002 Well Irrigation 15.16 15 1.01 Other expenditures. 0.58 912.0 0.0007 * Rental value of land was taken as the price of land Marginal product=Elasticity* Geometric mean VMP valued at output price of rice Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method for Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water It could be seen from the Table 9 that the estimated discrepancy parameter (?) was 0.9703 and 0.9521 for tank water alone and tank cum well water application respectively. This implied that deviation in the output from the frontier yield was mainly due to technical inefficiency at the farmers’ level. The Mean Technical Efficiency was 0.3996 and 0.6248 respectively for tank water alone and tank cum well water applying farms. This implied that yield was 60 percent less than the maximum possible output for only tank water using farmers and 38 per cent less than the maximum possible output for tank cum well water using farmers. The low technical efficiency was due to inadequate water during crop period in the former category. Besides uncertainty in rainfall and poor filling of tanks had led to these problems. Table 9. Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method for Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water Sl.No. Particulars Estimated partial regression coefficients Tank water alone Tank and well water 1 Constant 6.5177 (7.1483) 6.2553 (4.7527) 2 Area under paddy in ha 4.9367* (1.1734) 2.6494** (1.1245) 3 Fertilizer (N+P+K) in kg per ha 0.1035 (0.0246) 0.0604* (0.0156) 4 Labour man days per ha 0.1126** (0.0578) 0.0232** (0.0093) 5 Expenditure on bullock power, machine power, seeds and pesticides (Rs per ha) 0.0009 (0.0007) 0.0013* (0.0005) 6 Tank Irrigation (ha cm) 0.0429* (0.0129) 0.0304 (0.0689) 7 Well irrigation (ha cm) NA 0.6742* (0.1603) 8 ?2u 1.7776 0.6788 9 ?2v 0.0544 0.0342 10 ?=?u / ?v 5.7153 4.4559 11 ?=?2u/ (?2u +?2v) 0.9703 0.9521 12 MTE=1- ?u?2/? 0.3996 0.6248 Figures in parentheses indicate standard errors * 1% level of significant level ** 5% level of significant level NA : Not Applied Technical Efficiencies of Rice Growers The farm specific technical efficiency is furnished in Table 10. It was found that a majority of farmers (55.6 per cent) using only tank water were operating at 40-50 per cent technical efficiency level. On the contrary, majority of the farmers (52.1 per cent) using tank cum well water, were operating at 70-80 per cent technical efficiency and 15.1 per cent of farmers were operating most efficient category (80-90 percent). This indicated that there is scope to improve the productivity of the rice farmers. Identification of farms, which lead to variation in the farm specific technical efficiency, is an important issue for formulating strategies to increase the productivity. Farms Irrigated by Tank water alone Figure 1 Technical Efficiency of Tank water alone irrigated Farmers Farms Irrigated by Tank water and well water Figure 2 Technical Efficiency of Tank and well water irrigated Farmers Table 10. Technical Efficiencies of Rice Producing Farmers (in numbers) Sl.No. Technical efficiency of Rice growers Only tank water using farmers Tank and well water using farmers 1